{"id":1046,"date":"2023-11-22T13:51:56","date_gmt":"2023-11-22T12:51:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jacquescartier2034.org\/?p=1046"},"modified":"2023-11-22T13:51:57","modified_gmt":"2023-11-22T12:51:57","slug":"une-histoire-de-tonneaux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jacquescartier2034.org\/en\/une-histoire-de-tonneaux\/","title":{"rendered":"Une histoire de tonneaux"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le tonneau est l\u2019unit\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e pour d\u00e9crire le volume des navires. Il faut imaginer tout simplement qu\u2019un avitaillement de navire avant un d\u00e9part demandait beaucoup de pr\u00e9paration et une liste pr\u00e9\u00e9tablie de tonneaux de nourriture, de vin, d\u2019huile, etc. \u00e0 approvisionner et \u00e0 livrer sur le quai pour les embarquer sur le navire. D&#8217;o\u00f9 l&#8217;importance de bien juger le nombre de tonneaux \u00e0 faire rentrer dans le bateau, sans quoi des dizaines de tonneaux inutiles seraient pay\u00e9s pour rester \u00e0 quai. Dans notre cas, la capacit\u00e9 du navire (60 tonneaux) est bien la seule information fiable sur ce navire <em>(lire les <strong>Relations de Jacques Cartier &#8211; Premier voyage<\/strong>).<\/em> Cependant, le volume m\u00eame du tonneau est difficile \u00e0 \u00e9valuer !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En France, le volume exprim\u00e9 en tonneau dit bordelais a \u00e9t\u00e9 fix\u00e9 par une ordonnance de <strong>1681 <\/strong>\u00e0 42 pieds cubes Roy. Avec le pied dit &#8220;Roy&#8221; valant 0,3248 m\u00e8tre (soit un beau pied royal de pointure 50), nous arrivons \u00e0 la valeur du pied cube \u00e0 0,0342647 m3. Et donc pour un tonneau en unit\u00e9 m\u00e9trique une valeur de 1,4391 m3 arrondie \u00e0 1,44 m3.&nbsp;En d\u00e9veloppant cette hypoth\u00e8se certes anachronique, notre navire de 60 tonneaux de 1534 jauge alors 86 m3 !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au tout d\u00e9but du XVIe si\u00e8cle, Fernando Oliveira, homme d&#8217;\u00e9glise \u00e0 l&#8217;origine, a expliqu\u00e9 par quel moyen \u00e9valuer le port d&#8217;un bateau. Pour cela, \u00e0 partir d&#8217;un type de tonneau donn\u00e9, il suffisait :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; D&#8217;aligner les tonneaux, autant qu&#8217;on en peut sur la longueur de la quille,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; D&#8217;aligner autant de tonneaux que possible en largeur, sur le pont principal, au niveau du ma\u00eetre couple,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8211; D&#8217;aligner autant de tonneaux que possible entre le fond et le pont (creux). Il suffit ensuite de multiplier ces trois chiffres entre eux pour obtenir la jauge. Oliveira reconna\u00eet ensuite que le chiffre obtenu est toujours bien sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la jauge r\u00e9elle du navire, et qu&#8217;il faut diviser \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s par deux la longueur pour obtenir un chiffre proche de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. En fin de compte, il reconna\u00eet qu&#8217;aucun calcul simple ne permet de conna\u00eetre le port r\u00e9el d&#8217;un bateau, mais que les bons ma\u00eetres de marine savent par exp\u00e9rience, quelle est la capacit\u00e9 de charge de chaque b\u00e2timent.&nbsp;Nous remercions Fernando Oliveira pour la pr\u00e9cision de ses calculs et cette analyse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vous l&#8217;aurez compris, le tonnage d&#8217;un navire ancien est un vrai casse-t\u00eate qu&#8217;il nous faut pourtant \u00e9lucider&nbsp;car c&#8217;est une hypoth\u00e8se structurante de notre design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cependant les incertitudes demeurent&nbsp;: s\u2019agit-il d\u2019un volume sous pont uniquement&nbsp;? Le tonneau de 1681 est-il celui de de 1534&nbsp;? Le tonneau breton est-il le m\u00eame que le tonneau bordelais ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"444\" src=\"https:\/\/jacquescartier2034.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1047\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jacquescartier2034.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image.png 567w, https:\/\/jacquescartier2034.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-300x235.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le tonneau est l\u2019unit\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e pour d\u00e9crire le volume des navires. Il faut imaginer tout simplement qu\u2019un avitaillement de navire avant un d\u00e9part demandait beaucoup de pr\u00e9paration et&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1049,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-histoire","category-technique"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Une histoire de tonneaux - Jacques Cartier 2034<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jacquescartier2034.org\/en\/une-histoire-de-tonneaux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Une histoire de tonneaux - Jacques Cartier 2034\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le tonneau est l\u2019unit\u00e9 de capacit\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e pour d\u00e9crire le volume des navires. 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